耶鲁大学《哲学-死亡》 - 好知网-重拾学习乐趣-Powered By Howzhi

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主讲：Shelly Kagan（耶鲁大学哲学教授）有一件事我可以肯定的说：我一定会死。但我如何面对这一事实？我们从某种意义上来说,是不朽的吗?我们的灵魂能够永生吗？如何用这些对待死亡的学识来影响我将来的生活？

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人的本质：二元论与物理主义的笔记
how am i built/ what is survivial（could i not have yet died after died）------Do we survive our death?the nature of personal identitiy Jay Rosenberg(杰罗森伯格）：不能永生Might i still exist afer bodily deathmataphysics The dualist view: a person is a combination of a body and something else.(mind/soul 与肉体分离 nonphysical substance)The monist view:physicalist view: a person is just a certain kind of material object that can do something 双向互动二元论，灵魂控制身体，身体会影响灵魂the soul is located(i don't know) myabe it is just an illusion caused by visual reasonsthe soul and the body is not a pait or if we destroy the body, the pair is destroyed.so i am the soul. the body is the house. you can destory the house but can't destory the human.柏拉图plato: 论证灵魂不朽the body 可能是任一一种实体 a physical object that can do amazing think. we are bodies called people.
灵魂存在与否的论证（一）的笔记
P-functioning body----human physicalist view: there is no extra thing, the mind, above and beyond the body.( the brain is not the mind.)Death is the end of this set of functioning.the physicalist viwe don't deny the mind(中立的soul).物理主义者不信灵魂，认为灵魂是非物质的，不能凌驾于物质的人体上。the dualist position is that the mind is a soul and the sould is something immaterial.证明五官无法察觉的事物（最佳解释推理/Inference to the best explanation)：假设——解释已存在的现象——推断存在 xi假设细菌存在，细菌使人生病（微生物理论），所以细菌存在假设魔鬼存在，魔鬼使人生病，所以魔鬼存在（不是最佳解释，是可能性解释）假设灵魂（F feature)存在，灵魂使人堕入爱河（从超物理的方面解释爱为何产生），所以灵魂存在。诉诸于灵魂去解释我们的肉身的生命性力。双元论，灵魂发出身体活动指挥，物理论，认为是身体某个部分发出指令。用灵魂解释自由意志
人格同一性（三）：人格理论的异议的笔记
Don't toture the person who have the self-consciousness.Self-consciousness isn't the memories.Self-consciousness comes from the brain.....Self-consciousness comes from the advanced instincts of psychology, or the brain, no matter follow the instincts of psychology either biology. Nonhuman animals have the self-consciousness.If my brain is the part of body, I want to toture the body part of me, also toture my brain. But my self-consciousness still in other's body.Self-consciousness doesn't come from the brain. Then where does it come from? Everything with self-consciousness, just ability of express?The brain always exist, but self-consciousness can be eliminate. The big different between brain, no matter advanced or not and the self-consciousness.Named the self-consciousness as ego.Single mood can develop the ability of Id. Opposite moods can develop the superego which can cause the psychological issues. Mood based on the ability of ego, which the ability of id based on the ability of ego. But id always exist which how to activate it.The psychological issues and psychological cultures both based on the ability of ego.Where does it come from?Adam fell from Heaven to the "human world". When Adam was in Heaven, no ego, no achievement, no evil.Nonhuman animals have the ego but follow the instinct of biology which can't develop the achievement that human did.Where does the ego come from?I have been prove the psychological changes cause the physical changes.The psychological changes will follow the influences of others' emotions.The changes of psychology come from the ego, at least base on ego.But the ability of ego based on the physical sences, five sences, can be removed.Important, ego doesn't have emotions, superego does!Ego only have the ability of seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting, self-consciousness.Freud only said that us have the id, ego, superego, and how do they develop. But where do they come from. None of them come from the advanced brains. One based on one others. Psychological changes based physical ability, the physical changes based psychological changes.When follow the instincts, during in the unconsciousness. For example, nonhuman animals follow the instincts of biology during unconsciousness. Human does same thing.Psychological changes based on the sueprego, the superego based on the ability of ego, the ability of ego based on the physical effect(partly), the physical changes based on the psychological changes.Self-consciousness is one of ability of the ego, but not based on the physical effect, not brain.
柏拉图 (二) ：灵魂永恒与否的论证的笔记
We won't meet "number three" itself-anywhere in the empirical world.The "beautiful" and "justice" are eternal.Absolute reference system isn't exist.The soul is fit in to the eternal Platonic forms, the ideas.Platonic is a kind of morbid state of Eastern thoughts. Separates from the entire body and soul. Everything disappear, everything turn to one.But why should Plato believe eternal life?Eternal life is afraid of death, is a mood which comes from superego.No life, no deaths.The influence of external and internal ideological thought, separate, soul, the spirtual, eastern Monk?Internal ideological thought comes from the superego, which nonhuman animals don't have.The history, the time, comes from the superego.It doesn't normally take one to know one.Eastern world take now try to reach the "without me", which is unconsciousness take place;Western take afterlife try to reach the "eteral soul", which is unconsciousness take place;As this point os view, the Western are weaker than Eastern.The truths and unidentifies, the eastern and western.At the best we know the life of atoms longer than the life of universe, even the end of universe, the atoms still exist.But the atoms are physical objects."Without me" or "Eteral soul" is the taking from the superego, the function of mood, exist forever.The different of eastern and western.Collective unconsciousness as same as the soul, the functions.

课程最新问题

但是离开肉体，心灵就失去意义，也就是灵魂就失去意义。肉体是灵魂的载体。